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Foundation
Foundation is the part of structure below plinth level up to the
soil. It is in direct contact of soil and transmits load of super
structure to soil. Generally it is below the ground level. If some part
of foundation is above ground level, it is also covered with earth
filling. This portion of structure is not in contact of air, light etc,
or to say that it is the hidden part of the structure.
Depth of Foundation
Depth of foundation depends on following factors.
1. Availability of adequate bearing capacity
2. Depth of shrinkage and swelling in case of clayey soils, due to seasonal changes which may cause appreciable movements.
3. Depth of frost penetration in case of fine sand and silt.
4. Possibility of excavation close by
5. Depth of ground water table
6. Practical
minimum depth of foundation should not be less than 50 cm. to allow
removal of top soil and variations in ground level.
7. Hence the best recommended depth of foundation is from 1.00 meter to 1.5 meter from original ground level.
Footing
Footing is a structure constructed in brick work, masonry or concrete
under the base of a wall or column for distributing the load over a
large area.
Width of Foundation/Footings
The width of footings should be laid according to structural design.
For light loaded buildings such as houses, flats, school buildings etc
having not more than two storeys, the width of foundation is given
below.
1. The width of footing should not be less than 75 cm for one brick thick wall.
2. The width of footing should not be less than 1 meter for one and half brick wall.
Different Processes in Foundation Work
The processes executed in the foundation works are given below.
1. Excavation of earth work in trenches for foundation.
2. Laying out cement concrete.
3. Laying the footing in case of raft or column construction.
4. Laying Anti termite treatment.
5. Laying Brick work up to plinth level.
6. Laying Damp proof course on the walls.
7. Refilling of earth around the walls
8. Refilling of earth in the building portion up to the required height according to plinth level.
Precautions while designing 'Foundation'
- A foundation should be designed to transmit combined dead load, imposed load and wind load to the ground.
- Net loading intensity of pressure coming on the soil should not exceed the safe bearing capacity.
- Foundation should be designed in such a way that settlement to the
ground is limited and uniform under whole of the building to avoid
damage to the structure.
- Whole design of the foundation, super structure and characteristics
of the ground should be studied to obtain economy in construction work.
Ratio of Cement Concrete and Mortar for Foundation
- The cement concrete 1:8:16 is generally used in the foundation of walls in construction work.
- In case of column raft cement concrete 1:4:8 is the best recommended ratio for it in the foundation.
- For brick masonry cement mortar 1:4 to 1:6 is used as loading condition.
In case of column and raft footings up to plinth level cement concrete 1:2:4 or 1:1.5:3 are used.
Soil having Safe Bearing Capacity
Dry coarse and well graded dense sand have maximum shear resistance
and maximum bearing capacity. In general submerged soil and clay have
less bearing capacity.
Precautions during Excavation of Foundation Work
The depth and width of foundation should be according to structural design.
- The depth of the foundation should not be less than 1 meter in case the design is not available.
- The length, width and depth of excavation should be checked with the help of center line and level marked on the burjis.
- The excavated material/ earth should be dumped at a distance of 1 meter from the edges.
- Work should be done on dry soil.
- Arrangement of water pump should be made for pumping out rain water.
- The bottom layer of the foundation should be compacted.
- There should be no soft places in foundation due to roots etc.
- Any soft/ defective spots should be dug out and be filled with concrete/ hard material
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